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A History of
Transgender Medicine
In the United States
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This chapter reviews the manner in which research about gender-diverse people has evolved over the past 150 years. Early research viewed gender diversity as a form of deviance, and research methods and academic papers contributed to societal perceptions that transgender people were mentally ill. As the understanding of gender diversity has become healthier and more nuanced and transgender people have developed powerful voices in academic and health care institutions, the focus of research has changed. Current ethical guidelines around research for gender-diverse subjects include involving the transgender community in the design, interpretation, and dissemination of clinical studies, use of appropriate language to describe people and gender identities, and recommendations to depathologize Institutional Review Board processes.
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